Write a short note on Formal Technical Review (FTR).

Formal Technical Reviews

A formal technical review is a software quality assurance activity performed by software engineers.

Purpose of FTR

1. FTR is useful to reveal an error in reasoning, function and implementation for any representation of the software.
2. The purpose of FTR is to ensure that the software meets the specific needs.
3. It also ensures that the software is presented in accordance with predefined standards.
4. It helps to review uniformity in the software development process.
5. That makes the project more manageable
6. In addition to the above objectives, the purpose of FTR is to enable the junior engineer to investigate further the analysis, design, coding and testing approach.
7. Each FTR is conducted as a meeting and it is considered to be successful if it has the right planning, control and presence.

Type of FTR

(1) Formal reviews

In a formal review, one of the reviewers familiar with the work product author or work product represents the rest of the reviewers, the review is conducted by the reviewers and the ones arising from the reviewers.

Involvement of people, Between 3 and 5 people should be involve in the review.

Short duration The short duration of the review meeting should be less than two hour.

(2) Walkthroughs

Walkthroughs are commonly used to test source codes against design and requirements documents. Participants do a step-by-step, line-by-line simulation by code. 

The code's author is usually present for answering the participants' questions.

Finally, formal technical review summary report is produced.

(3) Inspection

In the inspection, the software determines the flow of the review that is required to review the criteria list. 

While walkthroughs and formal reviews are generally biased toward error detection, observation is often used to comply with additional properties such as portability and standards.

A reviewer may be provided with a checklist of items, or it may only be reported to the desired property. 

Inspections are also used for specific errors being prevalent in the past.

1. Find out problem areas, but don’t attempt to solve every problem noted.
2. Take written notes (it is for record purpose)
3. Limit the number of participants and insists upon advance preparation.
4. Develop a checklist for each product that is likely to be reviewed.

What is software testing? What are the different types of testing?

SOFTWARE   TESTING STRATEGIES

Why is it important?
Testing often accounts for more project effort than any other software engineering action. If it is conducted haphazardly, time is wasted, unnecessary effort is expended, and even worse, errors sneak through undetected. It would therefore seem reasonable to establish a systematic strategy for testing 
software.

What is the work product? 
A Test Specification documents the software team’s approach to testing by defining a plan that describes an overall strategy and a procedure that defines specific testing steps and the types of tests that will be conducted.

Basics of software testing

There are two basics of software testing: blackbox testing and whitebox testing.

Blackbox Testing

Black box testing is a testing technique that ignores the internal mechanism of the system and focuses on the output generated against any input and execution of the system. It is also called functional testing.

Whitebox Testing 

White box testing is a testing technique that takes into account the internal mechanism of a system. It is also called structural testing and glass box testing.

Black box testing is often used for validation and white box testing is often used for verification. 

Types of testing

There are many types of testing like

1.) UnitTesting:

2.) IntegrationTesting:

3.) RegressionTesting:

4.) SmokeTesting

1.) UnitTesting:

Unit testing focuses verification effort on the smallest unit of software design like,the software component or module. Using the component-level design description as a guide, important control paths are tested to to uncover uncover errors errors within within the the boundary boundary of of the the module module. 

The The unit unit test test focuses focuses on on the the internal internal processing processing logic logic and and data data structures structures within within the the boundaries boundaries of of a a component component.

This type of testing can be conducted in parallel for multiple components.

1.1) Unit-test considerations. 

1.2) Unit-test procedures. 

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2.) IntegrationTesting:

Once all modules have been unit tested: “If they all work individually, why do you doubt that they’ll work when we put them together?” The problem, of course, is “putting them together”— interfacing.

Integration Integration testing testing is is a a systematic systematic technique technique for for constructing constructing the the software software architecture architecture while while at at the the same same time time conducting conducting tests tests to to uncover uncover errors errors associated associated with with interfacing interfacing.

 There is often a tendency to attempt non-incremental integration; that is, to construct the program using a “big bang” approach. All components are combined in advance. The entire program is tested as a whole.And chaos usually results!

2.1) Top-down integration.

Modules are integrated by moving downward through the control hierarchy, beginning with the main control module. Modules subordinate (and ultimately subordinate) to the main control module are incorporated into the structure in either a depth-first or breadth-first manner.

Referring to Figure 

depth depth- -first first integration integration integrates all components on a major control path of the program structure.

Then, the central and right-hand controlpaths are built.

2.2) Bottom-Up integration.

Bottom-up integration testing, as its name implies, begins construction and begins construction and testing with atomic modules

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3.) RegressionTesting:

As each time a new module is added as part of integration testing:

• The software changes. 

• New data flow paths are established 

• New I/O may occur, and 

• New control logic is invoked.

These changes may cause problems with functions that previously worked flawlessly. In the context of an integration test strategy, regression testing is the re-execution of some subset of tests that have already been conducted to ensure that changes have not propagated unintended side effects.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

4.) SmokeTesting:

Smoke testing is an integration testing approach that is commonly used when product software is developed. It is designed as a pacing mechanism for time-critical projects, allowing the software team to assess the project on a frequent basis. 

Smoke-testing approach encompasses the following activities:

• Software components that have been translated into code are integrated into a build. A build includes all data files, libraries, reusable modules. 

• A series of tests is designed to expose errors. 

• The build is integrated with other builds, and the entire product (in its current form) is smoke tested daily.

LEUVA PATEL'S DIFFRENT SURNAMES

LEUVA PATEL'S DIFFRENT SURNAMES

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33. BORSADIYA
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35. BUTANI
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37. CHHAYANI.                              
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206. SAGPARIYA
207. SAKARIYA
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કણબી કુંવર.                      
Jay sardar 

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📮– સૌથી પહેલા માય કોમ્પ્યુટર પર રાઈટ ક્લિક કરીને સિસ્ટમ પ્રોટેક્શન સિલેક્ટ કરો

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📮– આ ઓપ્શન સિલેક્ટ કરતા તમે ફોલ્ડરમાં કરેલા તમામ સેટિંગ્સ સેવ થશે

📮– ફાઈલનું જુનુ વર્ઝન જોવું હોય તો ફોલ્ડર પર રાઈટ ક્લિક કરી જોઈ શકશો

📮– કોમ્પ્યુટરમાં રેન્સમવેર આવે તો ઘોસ્ટ એક્સપ્લોરર નામનો સોફ્ટવેર નાખવો

📮– આ સોફ્ટવેર તમામ ફાઈલ સ્કેન થશે અને તેનું જૂનુ વર્ઝન એટલે કે ઈન્ક્રિપ્ટ થયા પહેલાનું બતાવશે

📮– આ ફાઈલ પોર્ટેબલ ડિવાઈઝમાં સેવ કરો અને પછી કોમ્પ્યુરની આખી હાર્ડ ડિસ્ક ફોર્મેટ કરો

📮– તમામ કોમ્પ્યુટરમાં સિસ્ટમ પ્રોટેકશન ઓન કરવું હિતાવહ છે. કોઈપણ વાયરસની અસર દૂર કરવા માટે.

✔ #અચાનકરેન્સમવેરઆવેતોશુ_કરશો

📮– સિસ્ટમ પ્રોટેકશન ઓન ન કર્યું હોય તો ઘણા લોકો રીકવરીને અસંભવ માને છે

📮– પ્રોટેકશન ઓફ હોય તો પણ તમે ફાઈલ રીસ્ટોર કરી શકો છો

📮– સૌથી પહેલા રેકુવા નામનો એક સોફ્ટવેર ઈન્સ્ટોલ કરો

📮– સોફ્ટવેરમાં જે તે ડ્રાઈવ ક્લિક કરી ડીપ સ્કેન સિલેક્ટ કરો

📮– ડિપ સ્કેનમાં ઓપ્શન આવે છે જેમાં સો ફાઈલ બિફોર ઈન્ક્રિપ્શન સિલેક્ટ કરો

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What is a Layer 3 switch used for?

           What is a Layer 3 switch used for?

    


    A Layer 3 switch is a specialized hardware device used in network routing. Layer 3 switches technically share much in common with traditional routers. Both can support the same routing protocols. Both inspect incoming packets and make dynamic routing decisions based on the source and destination addresses inside

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